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UNICEF India
UNICEF has been working in India since 1949. The largest UN organisation in
the country, it is currently implementing a $400 million programme from
2003 to 2007. UNICEF is fully committed to working with the Government of
India to ensure that each child born in this vast and complex country gets
the best start in life, thrives and develops to his or her full potential. |
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Integrated Child Development Services
The Integrated Child Development Services Programme aims at providing services to pre-school children in an integrated manner so as to ensure
proper growth and development of children in rural, tribal and slum areas. ICDS is a centrally sponsored scheme. |
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BPNI (Breastfeeding Promotion Network of India) Maharashtra
BPNI is a registered, independent, non-profit, national organization that works towards protecting, promoting and supporting breastfeeding and
appropriate complementary feeding of infants and young children. BPNI believes that breastfeeding is the right of all mothers and children. |
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Health Education To Villages
We create and promote health educational programs that will improve child
health and quality of life, and will give mothers and communities more control over their health status. |
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World Breastfeeding Week
The World Breastfeeding Week (WBW) is the greatest outreach vehicle
for the breastfeeding movement, being celebrated in over 120 countries.
Officially it is celebrated from
1–7 August. However, groups may choose other dates to make it a more
successful event in their countries.
Initiation of breastfeeding within the 1st hour of birth is the
first and most vital step towards reducing infant and under-five mortality,
by reducing the overwhelmingly high neonatal mortality rate. Save ONE
million babies – beginning with one action, one hour support and one
message: beginning breastfeeding within the 1st hour of birth!
Download WBW 2007 materials
here!
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Worldwide Breastfeeding Resources
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World Alliance for Breastfeeding Action [WABA]
WABA is a global network of organizations and individuals who believe breastfeeding is the right of all children and mothers and who dedicate
themselves to protect, promote and support this right. WABA acts on the Innocenti Declaration and works in liaison with UNICEF. |
Supporting Breastfeeding
Breastfeeding Policies
Low Birth-weight Babies
Labour and Birthing
Mother and Infant: Early Emotional Ties
Marshall Klaus
This information is current as of March 8, 2007
Pediatrics
1998;102;1244-DOI: 10.1542/peds.102.5.SE1.1244
The original version of this article, along with updated information and
services, is located at:
http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/102/5/SE1/1244
Recent behavioral and physiologic observations of infants and mothers have
shown them ready to begin interacting in the first minutes of life. Included
among these findings are the newborn infant's ability to crawl toward the
breast to initiate suckling and mother-infant thermoregulation. The
attachment felt between mother and infant may be biochemically modulated
through oxytocin; encouraging attachment through early contact, suckling, and
rooming-in has been shown to reduce abandonment.
In the past 10 years, several provocative behavioral and physiologic
observations in both infants and mothers have altered our perception of their
readiness to begin interacting in the first minutes of life. In addition, two
simple interventions for mothers and their infants in the perinatal period
have led to new insights into their relationship at the time of birth.
This report describes and integrates these new findings and observations and
discusses how they will alter current caregiving practices in the perinatal
period and their implications for additional research.
Delayed Breastfeeding Initiation Increases Risk of Neonatal Mortality
Karen M. Edmond; Charles Zandoh; Maria A. Quigley; Seeba Amenga-Etego; Seth
Owusu-Agyei and Betty R. Kirkwood
This information is current as of April 24, 2006
Pediatrics 2006;117;380-386 - DOI: 10.1542/peds.2005-1496
The original version of this article, along with updated information and
services, is located at:
http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/117/3/e380
Background: Breastfeeding promotion is a key child survival strategy.
Although there is an extensive scientific basis for its impact on
postneonatal mortality, evidence is sparse for its impact on neonatal mortality.
Objectives: We sought to assess the contribution of the timing of
initiation of breastfeeding to any impact.
Evidence for the ten steps to successful breastfeeding
(1998)
World Health Organization (WHO)
This document outlines the WHO/UNICEF-recommended ten steps to successful
breastfeeding and provides rationale for their efficacy, as well as
advocacy and education approaches.
English 934
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Español 435 kb
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Français 640 kb
The Effect of Skin-to-Skin Contact (Kangaroo Care) Shortly After Birth on
the Neurobehavioral Responses of the Term Newborn: A Randomized, Controlled
Trial
Sari Goldstein Ferber and Imad R. Makhoul
Pediatrics 2004;113;858-865 - DOI: 10.1542/peds.113.4.858
This information is current as of March 25, 2007
The original version of this article, along with updated information and
services, is located at:
http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/113/4/858
Background: The method of skin-to-skin contact (kangaroo care [KC]) has
shown physiologic, cognitive, and emotional gains for preterm infants;
however, KC has not been studied adequately in term newborns.
Aims: To evaluate the effect of KC, used shortly after delivery, on the
neurobehavioral responses of the healthy newborn.
Effect of the Baby-Friendly Initiative on Infant Abandonment in a Russian
Hospital
Natalya M. Lvoff; Victor Lvoff, MF, PhD; Marshall H. Klaus, MD
Objective: To study whether early mother-infant contact with suckling and
rooming-in reduces the rate of infant abandonment.
Design: The infant abandonment rate was studied at a Russian hospital
before and after the introduction of early mother-infant contact with
suckling and rooming-in.
Touch in Labor and Infancy: Parent-Child Touch as Innate
Recent clinical observations of early parent-neonate interactions have
enabled researchers to "discover" specific patterns of touch that likely have
been ingrained in humans for millennia. Many of these patterns are observable
only when the parent and newborn are left alone in the first hours of life,
uninterrupted by caregivers, medical protocols or other "modern" intrusions.
No Separation of Mother and Baby with Unlimited Opportunity for Breastfeeding
Lamaze International Education Council, Crenshaw Jeannette, RN, MSN, IBCLC,
LCCE, FACCE, Phyllis H. Klaus, CSW, MFT, and Marshall H. Klaus, MD
In this position paper—one of six care practice papers published by Lamaze
International and reprinted here with permission—the value of keeping mothers
and their babies together from the moment of birth is discussed and presented
as an evidenced-based practice that helps promote, protect, and support
normal birth. The paper is written for childbearing women and their families.
Babies held skin-to-skin with their mothers cry less often, breathe easier,
and stay warmer than babies who are separated from their mothers. They also
instinctively attach to the breast and begin breastfeeding, usually within
one hour of birth. The advantages of rooming-in for mother and baby are also
discussed. The accompanying commentary—written by two leading professionals
in the field of maternity care and pediatrics—provides further evidence to
support the practice of keeping mothers and their babies together after
birth. Lamaze International encourages women to give birth in settings that
do not separate mothers and babies after birth.
Facts for life: Breastfeeding (2006)
UNICEF
This document outlines the health benefits derived from breastfeeding practices.
Persistent diarrhoea and breastfeeding (1997)
WHO Department of Child and Adolescent Health and Development
This document outlines the protective properties of breast milk, particularly its role in preventing acute diarrhea and reducing persistent
diarrheal episodes among infants and young children up to two years of age.
English 2 mb
Guidelines
Breastfeeding counselling: A trainer's course; Director's guide (1993)
WHO
This resource is targeted toward health care workers for developing the clinical and interpersonal skills needed to support optimal breastfeeding
practices.
English 608 kb
Guides for trainers and participants may be accessed online at
www.who.int/nutrition/publications/infantfeeding/en/index.html
Facts for feeding (2006)
Linkages Project (gathered on
Rehydration Project
website)
This resource from the Rehydration Project offers publications on
recommended feeding and dietary practices to improve nutritional status.
Policy makers, health care providers, and communicators can use these
guidelines for developing messages and activities appropriate to local
conditions.
Research
Appropriate use of human and non-human milk for the
dietary management of children with diarrhoea (1991)
Brown K, Lake A. Journal of Diarrhoeal Disease Research. 9(3):168–185.
This paper reviews feeding practices for children with diarrhea and outlines risks associated with the use of non-human milk for feeding during
gastrointestinal infection, including the potential for an increase in the severity and duration of illness.
1.16 mb
Gastroenteritis, diarrhoea, and breastfeeding (1997)
Golding J, Emmett P, Rogers I. Early Human Development.
49(Suppl):S83–S103.
This literature review determined that exclusive breastfeeding provides a
protective effect from gastroenteritis and diarrhea.
1.6 mb
Human milk protection against infectious diarrhea:
Implications for prevention and clinical care (2004)
Morrow A, Rangel J. Seminars in Pediatric Infectious Diseases.
15:221-228.
This article provides an overview of the health benefits of exclusive
breastfeeding during the first six months of life, as well as its place in
diarrhea prevention strategies.
151 kb
Interventions for the control of diarrhoeal diseases
in young children: Promotion of breastfeeding (1984)
Feachem R, Koblinsky M. Bulletin of the World Health
Organization. 62(2):271–291.
This review analyzed the relative risks of non-breastfed and breastfed
infants suffering diarrheal episodes and found that breastfeeding has a
protective effect in reducing diarrheal disease incidence. The authors
support promotion of breastfeeding through educational outreach to mothers.
English 860 kb
Interventions for the control of diarrhoeal diseases
in young children: Weaning education (1985)
Ashworth A, Feachem R. Bulletin of the World Health Organization.
63(6):1115–1127.
This study evaluated whether education on weaning practices can improve
nutritional status among children and therefore reduce diarrheal incidence
and severity.
English 644 kb
Nutrient adequacy of exclusive breastfeeding for the
term infant during the first six months of life (2002)
WHO
This document reviews the impact of exclusive breastfeeding in terms of
infant growth, immune response, and neurodevelopment. Nutrients provided
through breastfeeding are outlined, including zinc.
English 272 kb
Oral Aversion in the Breastfed Neonate
Linda Killion Healow, BSN, IBCLC and Rebecca Sliter Hugh, IBCLC
"Oral Aversion" (oral-tactile hypersensitivity) due to oral invasion of the
neonate immediately after birth may very well be one of the causes of
Lactation Failure.
(a newborn's mouth and feeding behavior must be treated with the utmost
respect. While procedures such as inserting a feeding tube or suctioning a
newborn may be necessary to provide quality health care, they are,
nevertheless, invasive. And while any oral intervention is less than ideal,
a procedure that is roughly done, however inadvertently, qualifies as an
invasion. Some lactation consultants, faced with the challenges of
persuading justifiably reluctant newborns to take the breast, have
described this type of oral invasion as akin to rape)
The Effect of Timing of Cord Clamping on Neonatal Venous Hematocrit Values
and Clinical Outcome at Term: A Randomized, Controlled Trial
José M. Ceriani Cernadas, Guillermo Carroli, Liliana Pellegrini, Lucas Otaño,
Marina Ferreira, Carolina Ricci, Ofelia Casas, Daniel Giordano and Jaime
Lardizábal
Pediatrics 2006;117;779-786; originally published online Mar 27, 2006;
DOI: 10.1542/peds.2005-1156
Download file in
380 kb - 10 pages
The online version of this article, along with updated information and
services, is located on the World Wide Web at:
http://www.pediatrics.org/cgi/content/full/117/4/e779
Background: The umbilical cord is usually clamped immediately after birth. There is no
sound evidence to support this approach, which might deprive the newborn of
some benefits such as an increase in iron storage.
Objectives: We sought to determine the effect of timing of cord clamping on neonatal
venous hematocrit and clinical outcome in term newborns and maternal
postpartum hemorrhage.
Effect of timing of umbilical cord clamping on iron status in Mexican
infants: a randomised controlled trial
Camila M Chaparro, Lynnette M Neufeld, Gilberto Tena Alavez, Raúl Eguia-Líz
Cedillo, Kathryn G Dewey
Lancet June 17, 2006; 367: 1997–2004
Download file in
117 kb - 8 pages
Background: Delayed clamping of the umbilical cord increases the infant’s iron
endowment at birth and haemoglobin concentration at 2 months of age. We aimed
to assess whether a 2-minute delay in the clamping of the umbilical cord of
normal-weight, full-term infants improved iron and haematological status up
to 6 months of age.
Methods: 476 mother-infant pairs were recruited at a large obstetrics hospital in
Mexico City, Mexico, randomly assigned to delayed clamping (2 min after
delivery of the infant’s shoulders) or early clamping (around 10 s after
delivery), and followed up until 6 months postpartum. Primary outcomes were
infant haematological status and iron status at 6 months of age, and analysis
was by intention-to-treat. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov,
number NCT00298051.
05 March, 2008
